What can cause difficulties in breathing in individuals with COPD?

Narrowing of the airways is a primary factor that can lead to difficulties in breathing for individuals with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). In COPD, the airways become inflamed and obstructed due to chronic bronchitis or emphysema, conditions typically associated with long-term exposure to irritants, such as cigarette smoke. This inflammation results in swelling, excess mucus production, and the destruction of the elastic fibers surrounding the airways, leading to a constricted airflow. As a result, individuals experience difficulty in expelling air from the lungs, which can cause shortness of breath and wheezing.

The other options do not contribute to the breathing difficulties seen in COPD. Widening of the airways would instead facilitate better airflow, increased surface area for gas exchange is beneficial for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange rather than a hindrance, and enhanced pulmonary elasticity would aid in maintaining adequate ventilation. Therefore, the correct understanding lies in the fact that the narrowing of the airways directly impedes airflow, making it a significant issue for those suffering from COPD.